The 100 most endangered species on the planet

An adult male spoon-billed sandpiper: there may now be fewer than 100 breeding pairs left in the wild. Photograph: MJ McGill/PA

Plougshare tortoise
Population size:
440 - 770 individuals
Range:
25-60km2 in Baly Bay region, northwestern Madagascar
Primary threats:
Illegal collection for international pet trade
Action required:
Enforcement of legal protection and protected area management
Rio Pescado stubfoot toad
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Azuay, Cañar and Guyas provinces, south-western Ecuador
Threats:
Chytridiomycosis and habitat destruction due to logging and
agricultural expansion
Action required:
Protection of last remaining habitat
Pygmy three-toed sloth
Population size:
< 500 individuals
Range:
Approximately 1.3km2 – 1.5km2 on Isla Escudo de Veraguas, Panama
Threats:
Habitat loss due to illegal logging of mangrove forests for firewood and construction and hunting of the sloths
Action required:
Enforcement of protection of the Isla Escudo de Veraguas nature sanctuary and raising awareness
Tarzan's chameleon
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
< 10km2 in Anosibe An'Ala region, eastern Madagascar
Primary threats:
Habitat destruction for agriculture
Action required: Support for nascent community conservation initiatives and protection of habitat
Seychelles sheath-tailed bat
Population size:
< 100 mature individuals
Range:
Two small caves on Silhouette and Mahé, Seychelles
Threats:
Habitat degradation and predation by invasive species
Action required:
Removal of invasive vegetation and control of introduced predators, coupled with legal protection of habitat and roosting sites Aggressive control of invasive vegetation and predators, drawing from international experience in the eradication of these threats, could assist this little bats recovery.
Jamaican iguana, Jamaican rock iguana
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
< 10km2 core area in Hellshire Hills, Jamaica
Primary threats:
Predation by introduced species and habitat destruction
Action required:
Translocation to predator-free islands and control of deforestation
Cayman Islands ghost orchid
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
6 acres in Ironwood Forest, George Town, Grand Cayman
Threats:
Habitat destruction due to infrastructure development
Action required:
Development of legislation that will facilitate the protection of the Ironwood Forests
Wild yam
Population size:
200 individuals
Range:
Oshoek area, Mpumalanga, South Africa
Primary threats:
Collection for medicinal use
Action required:
Develop strategy for sustainable use and establish ex-situ populations
Spoon-billed sandpiper
Population size:
< 100 breeding pairs
Range:
Breeds in Russia, migrates along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway
to wintering grounds in Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Primary threats:
Trapping on wintering grounds and land reclamation.
Actions required:
Maintenance of critical intertidal staging posts and reducing trapping on wintering grounds.
• Read the latest from the Guardian on conservation efforts to save the spoon-billed sandpiper
Liben lark
Population size:
90 - 256 individuals
Range:
< 36km2 in the Liben Plains, southern Ethiopia
Threats:
Habitat loss and degradation due
to agricultural expansion, over-
grazing and fire suppression
Action required:
Restoration of grasslands, including
establishing sustainable land
management practices, clearing
scrub and reinstating fire regime
Singapore freshwater crab
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and streamlet near Bukit Batok, Singapore
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation – reduction in water quality and quantity
Actions required:
Protection of remaining habitat and establishment of ex-situ populations
Edwards's pheasant
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Quang Binh, Quang Tri and Thua Thien-Hue, Viet Nam
Threats:
Hunting and habitat loss Action required:
Effective law enforcement, habitat restoration and development of a captive breeding programme
Attenborough's pitcher plant
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
< 1km2 on either side of the
summit of Mount Victoria, Palawan, Philippines
Primary threats:
Poaching
Actions required:
Creation of a protected area and enforcement of current legal protection

Luristan newt
Population size:
< 1,000 mature individuals
Range:
< 10km2 area of occupancy in Zagros Mountains, Lorestan, Iran
Primary threats:
Illegal collection for pet trade
Action required:
Enforcement of protection
Vaquita
Population size:
< 200 individuals and declining
Range:
core area of approximately 2,500km2 in Northern Gulf of California, Mexico
Primary threats:
Incidental capture in gillnets
Actions required:
Ban on use of gillnets throughout the species' range
Greater bamboo lemur
100-160 individuals
Range:
Southeastern and southcentral rainforests of Madagascar
Primary threats:
Habitat destruction due to slash-and-burn agriculture, mining and illegal logging
Action required:
Habitat protection and reforestation in the Ivato and Karlanaga regions
Saola
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Annamite mountains, on the Vietnam - PDR Laos border
Threats:
Hunting and habitat destruction
Action required:
Increase enforcement efforts and habitat protection
Red River giant softshell turtle
Population size:
4 individuals
Range:
Hoan Kiem Lake and Dong Mo Lake, Viet Nam, and Suzhou Zoo, China
Primary threats:
Hunting for consumption and habitat destruction and degradation as a result of wetland destruction and pollution
Actions required:
Education and awareness programmes, and captive breeding
Javan rhino
Population size:
< 100 individuals
Range:
Ujung Kulon National Park, Java, Indonesia
Threats:
Hunting for traditional medicine and small population size
Action required:
Enforcement of protection laws and possible establishment of a captive breeding programme
• Read the Guardian feature on how the Javan rhino is clinging on in its last stronghold
Cebu frill-wing
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
< 1km2 in a rivulet beside the Kawasan River, Cebu, Philippines
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation and destruction
Actions required:
Designation of area as 'Critical Habitat' – restricting human access to the area
Red-finned Blue-eye
Population size:
2,000 - 4,000 individuals
Range:
Edgbaston Station, central western Queensland, Australia
Threats:
Predation by introduced species
Action required:
Control of the invasive species Gambusia holbrooki, and reintroduction of S.vermeilipinnis
Estuarine pipefish
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Kariega Estuary to East Kleinemonde Estuary, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Threats:
Construction of dams altering river flows and flood events into estuaries
Action required:
Establishment of a freshwater 'reserve', pollution control and implementation of water use allocations
Suicide Palm, Dimaka
Population size:
90 individuals
Range:
Analalava district, north-western Madagascar
Threats:
Habitat loss due to fires, logging and agricultural developments
Action required:
Establishment of a protected area and development of a management plan

Bullock's false toad
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
< 500km2, Nahuelbuta, Arauco Province, Chile
Primary threats:
Habitat destruction as a result of construction of a hydro-electricity scheme
Actions required:
Halting development of the hydro-electricity scheme and protecting habitat
Baishan fir
Population size:
5 mature individuals
Range:
Baishanzu Mountain, Zhejiang, China
Primary threats:
Agricultural expansion and fire
Actions required:
Ex-situ conservation and re-introduction, and establishment of a protected area
Araripe manakin
Population size:
779 individuals
Range:
28km2 distribution, Chapado do Araripe, South Ceará, Brazil
Primary threats: Habitat destruction due to expansion of agriculture and recreational facilities and water diversion
Actions required:
Formal protection of remaining habitat and protection of springs and streams
Amani flatwing
Population size: < 500 individuals
Range:
<10km2 area of occupancy, Amani-Sigi Forest, Usamabara Mountains, Tazania
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation due to increasing population pressure and water pollution
Action required:
Habitat protection
Bulmer's fruit bat
Population size:
approximately 150 individuals
Range:
<10km2 area of occupancy, Luplupwintern Cave, Western Province,
Papua New Guinea
Primary threats:
Hunting and cave disturbance
Action required:
Protection of Luplupwintern cave and enforced prohibition of hunting
Leaf scaled sea-snake
Population size:
Unknown
Range: Ashmore Reef and Hibernia Reef,Timor Sea
Primary threats:
Unknown - likelydegradation of coral reef habitat
Action required:
Evaluate reasons for population decline and formulate appropriate management plans
Aci Göl toothcarp
Population size:
few hundred pairs
Range:
small springs, south-eastern shore of former Lake Aci, Turkey
Primary threats:
Competition and predation by Gambusia and road construction
Action required:
Raise awareness in national conservation groups and
governments, monitor and conserve current springs, develop action plan for lost springs and maintain captive populations
Actinote zikani
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Near Sao Paulo, Atlantic forest, Brazil
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation due to pressure from human populations
Action required:
Protection of habitat and Mikania obsoleta (host plant)
Antisolabis seychellensis
Population size: Unknown
Range: 5km2 area of occupancy,
Morne Blanc, Mahé island, Seychelles
Primary threats: Invasive species and
climate change
Action required: Habitat management to
prevent further invasion by introduced plants
White bellied heron
Population size: 70 - 400 individuals
Range: 56,300km2 in Bhutan, North East
India and Myanmar
Primary threats: Habitat destruction and
degradation due to hydropower development
Actions required: Develop captive rearing
and release program, eliminate adverse
uses of riverine habitat, and mitigate
effects of hydroelectric development
Giant yellow croaker
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Chinese coast from Yangtze River,China to Hong Kong
Primary threats:
Over-fishing, primarily due to value of swim-bladder for traditional medicine - cost per kilogram exceeded that of gold in 2001
Actions required:
Establishment of appropriate protection in Hong Kong and enforcement of legal protection in China
Galapagos damsel fish
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Unknown
Primary threats:
Climate Change -oceanographic changes associated with the1982 / 1983 El Nino are presumed to be responsible for the apparent disappearance of this species from the Galapagos
Action required:
Surveys to identify if the
species still exists in Los Lobos Islands
Hirola
Population size: <1,000 individuals
Range:
South-east Kenya and possibly south-west Somalia
Primary threats:
Habitat loss and degradation, competition with livestock, poaching
Action required:
Establishment of protected areas and community conservancies, increase in level of management and protection of wild population
Madagascar pochard
Population size:
approx 20 mature individuals
Range:
1km2 volcanic lakes north of Bealanana, Madagascar
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation due to slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting, and fishing / introduced fish
Action required:
Formal protection of current breeding site, habitat restoration, and development of release programme for captive-bred individuals
• Watch a video of a Madagascar pochard duckling
Bazzania bhutanica
Population size:
Individuals unknown, two populations
Range:
<10km2 area of occupancy in Budini and Lafeti Khola, Bhutan
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation and destruction due to forest clearance, overgrazing and development
Action required:
Protection of area to prevent future development damaging remaining habitat
Great indian bustard
Population size:
50 - 249 mature individuals
Range:
570,000km2 in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashta, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
and Madhya, India
Primary threats:
Habitat loss and modification due to agricultural development
Action required:
Establishment of protected areas and community reserves, and realignment of Indira Ghandi Nahar Canal Project
Common batagur, Four-toed terrapin
Population size: Unknown Range: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia and Malaysia
Primary threats:
Illegal export and trade from Indonesia to China
Action required:
Enforcement of CITES Appendix I restrictions and control of illegal trade
Franklin's bumblebee
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Oregon and California, United States of America
Primary threats:
Disease from commercially bred bumblebees and habitat destruction and degradation
Actions required:
Protection of habitat containing nectar and pollen sources
Willow blister
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Pembrokeshire, United Kingdom
Primary threats:
Limited availability of habitat
Actions required:
Continue protection of current populations and habitat regeneration projects
Roloway guenon
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Cote d'Ivoire
Primary threats:
Hunting for consumption as bushmeat and habitat loss
Action required:
Protection of habitat from logging and conversion to agricultural land
Amsterdam albatross
Population size:
100 mature individuals
Range:
Breeds on Plateuau des Tourbières, Amsterdam Island, Indian Ocean.
Primary threats:
Disease and incidental by-catch in long-line fishing operations
Action required:
Prevention of the spread of disease and promotion of best-practice measures in all fisheries within the species range
Santa Catarina's guinea pig
Population size:
40-60 individuals
Range:
4ha on Moleques do Sul Island, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Primary threats:
Habitat disturbance and possible hunting; small population effects
Action required: Protected area enforcement and regulation of access to the island
Sumatran rhino
Population size:
<250 mature individuals
Range:
Sabah, Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia
Primary threats:
Hunting for horn - used in traditional medicine
Action required:
Expansion and reinforcement of anti-poaching programmes and continuation of captive breeding efforts
• How the Sumatran rhino's survival hopes ride on Puntung and Tam
Callitriche pulchra
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
2m x 1m pool on Gavdos, Greece
Primary threats:
Exploitation of the species' habitat by stock, and modification of the pool by local people
Action required:
Provide alternative water sources for stock, involve local people in the protection of the pool and document remaining water bodies on Gavdos
Nelson's small-eared shrew
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
<100km2 extent of occurence, Volcán San Martín Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico
Primary threats:
Habitat loss due to logging, cattle grazing, fire and agriculture
Action required:
Surveys to map species range; improved protected area management
Diospyros katendei
Population size:
20 individuals, one population
Range:
Kasyoha-Kitomi Forest Reserve,
Uganda
Primary threats:
High pressure from communities for agricultural activity, illegal tree felling, habitat degradation due to alluvial gold digging and small population
Actions required: Enforcement of legal protection of area, field surveys for further search and ex-situ conservation in arboreta/botanic gardens
Elaeocarpus bojeri
Population size:
<10 individuals
Range:
Grand Bassin, Mauritius
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation
Actions required:
Unknown - trees are currently being closely monitored to determine level of threat and how these should be addressed
Dombeya mauritania
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Mauritius
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation and destruction due to encroachment by alien invasive plant species and cannabis cultivation
Action required:
Control of invasive plant species, habitat protection and re-introduction of propagated individuals
Chilenito
Population size:
<500 individuals
Range:
Pta Molles and Pichidungui, Chile
Primary threats:
Collection of flowering individuals
Action required:
Protection of plants through construction of a fence and signage alerting people to threatened status
Hula painted frog
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
<2km2 in Hula Valley, Israel
Primary threats:
Predation by birds and range restriction due to habitat destruction
Action required:
Restoration of habitat
Macaya breast-spot frog
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Formon and Macaya peaks, Masif de la Hotte, Haiti
Primary threats:
Habitat destruction due to charcoal production and slash-and-burn
agriculture
Action required:
Protection of habitat
Dipterocarpus lamellatus
Population size:
12 individuals
Range:
Siangau Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia
Primary threats:
Habitat loss and degradation due to logging of lowland forest and creation of industrial plantations
Action required:
Restoration of Sianggau Forest Reserve and re-introduction of species to previous range
La Hotte glanded frog
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Massif de la Hotte, Haiti
Primary threats: Habitat destruction
due to charcoal production and
slash-and-burn agriculture
Action required: Habitat protection
Coral tree
Population size:
< 50 individuals
Range:
Namatimbili-Ngarama Forest, Tanzania
Primary threats:
Limited habitat and small population size increasing vulnerability to stochastic events
Actions required:
Complete establishment of Forest Reserves and continue propagation efforts, ex-situ conservation
Northern bald ibis
Population size:
200 – 249 mature individuals
Range:
Breeds in Morocco, Turkey and Syria. Syrian population winters in central Ethiopia
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation and destruction, and hunting
Action required:
Protection of key breeding and roosting sites
Hemicycla paeteliana
Population:
Unknown
Range:
8km2 area of occupancy, Jandiapeninsula, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands
Primary threats:
Habitat destruction due to overgrazing and trampling by goats and tourists
Action required:
Conservation of habitat and control of goats, and limiting recreational access to area by tourists
Ficus katendei
Population size:
< 50 mature individuals
Range:
Kasyoha-Kitomi Forest Reserve, Ishasha River, Uganda
Primary threats:
Agricultural activity, illegal tree felling and habitat degradation due to alluvial gold digging
Action required:
ex-situ conservation in arboreta / botanic gardens; enforcement of protection to contain encroachment and habitat degradation; community development programmes in areas adjacent to the reserve
Table mountain ghost frog
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
9km2, Table Mountain, Western Cape Province, South Africa
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation due to invasive plants and water abstraction
Action required:
Protection of habitat, continued implementation of management plans and integration of activities between sites
Euphorbia tanaensis
Population size:
4 mature individuals
Range:
Witu Forest Reserve, Kenya
Primary threats:
Illegal logging and habitat degradation due to agricultural expansion and infrastructure development
Action required:
Enforcement of legal protection in the Witu Forest Reserve, which has diminished due to civil insecurity
Gocea ohridana
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
<10km2 area of occupancy, Lake Ohrid, Macedonia
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation due to increasing pollution levels, off-take of
water and sedimentation events
Action required:
Implement transboundary agreements to improve habitat management
Gigasiphon macrosiphon
Population size:
33 mature individuals
Range:
Kaya Muhaka, Gongoni and MrimaForest Reserves, Kenya, Amani Nature Reserve, West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve, and Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania
Primary threats:
Timber extraction and habitat degradation due to agricultural encroachment and development, seed predation by wild pigs
Actions required:
Enforcement of protection in reserves and establishment of management plan to mitigate effects of water loss from hydroelectricity developments
Hibiscadelphus woodii
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Kalalau Valley, Hawaii
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation due to feral ungulates and invasive introduced plant species
Actions required:
Survey the extremely steep terrain for additional individuals. Control of invasive species in the remaining suitable habitat so that species can be reintroduced if more individuals are located
Dusky gopher frog
Population size:
60-100 individuals
Range:
< 10km2 area of occupancy in Harrison County, Mississippi, USA
Primary threats:
Fungal disease and habitat limitation due to climate change and land-use changes
Actions required:
Protection of habitat and management of population to prevent spread of disease
Archey's frog
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Coromandel peninsula and Whareorino Forest, New Zealand
Primary threats:
Chytridiomycosis and predation by invasive species
Action required:
Continuation of current conservation efforts
Moominia willii
Population size:
<500 individuals
Range:
.02km2 area of occupancy on Silhouette Island, Seychelles
Primary threats:
Invasive species and climate change
Action required:
Protection of habitat and control of invasive species
Belin vetchling
Population size:
< 1,000
Range:
< 2km2, outskirts of Belin village, Antalya, Turkey
Primary threats:
Habitat destruction due to urbanisation, over-grazing, conifer planting
and road widening
Action required:
Habitat protection, control of grazing, halt conifer planting and periodic sampling for ex-situ seed conservation
Margaritifera marocana
Population size:
< 250 individuals
Range:
Oued Denna, Oued Abid and Oued Beth, Morocco
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation and disturbance due to pollution and development
Action required:
Habitat protection to mitigate effects of construction of hydroelectricity schemes and agricultural abstraction
Sakhalin taimen
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
233,498km2 area of occupancy, Russian far east and northern Japan
Primary threats:
Overfishing (sport fishing and commercial bycatch) and habitat loss from damming, agriculture and other land use practices
Action required:
Expansion of conservation protection in rivers in Russia and Japan and enforcement of fishing regulations
Magnolia wolfii
Population size:
< 5 individuals
Range:
Risaralda, Columbia
Primary threats:
Isolation of species and low regeneration rates
Action required:
Protection of remaining population and exploration of potential for ex-situ conservation
Natalus primus
Cuban greater funnel eared bat
Population size:
<100 individuals
Range:
Cueva La Barca, Isle of Pines, Cuba
Primary threats:
Habitat loss and human disturbance
Actions required:
Protection of Cueva La Barca and its surrounds
Parides burchellanus
Population size:
<100 individuals
Range:
Cerrado, Brazil
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation due to pressure from human populations and range restriction
Actions required:
Protection of forest habitat
Pangasid catfish
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Chao Phraya and Mekong basins in Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam
Primary threats:
Overfishing and collection for aquarium trade
Action required:
Protection from overfishing and collection
Gooty tarantula, metallic tarantula,
peacock parachute spider, peacock
tarantula, Salepurgu
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Nandyal and Giddalur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Primary threats:
Habitat loss and degradation as a result of deforestation, firewood collection and civil unrest
Action required:
Habitat protection,awareness at community level, inclusion in the national Wildlife Protection Act and national and international trade legislation
Oreocnemis phoenix
Mulanje red damsel
Population size: Unknown
Range: <10km2 area of occupancy, Mulanje
Plateau, Malawi
Primary threats: Habitat destruction and
degradation due to drainage, agricultural
expansion and exploitation of forest
Action required: Enforcement of habitat
protection
Qiaojia pine
Population size:
<25 mature individuals remaining
Range:
Qiaojia, Yunnan, China
Primary threats:
Limited distribution and small population size
Action required:
Ex-situ conservation and re-introduction; establishment of protected areas
Hainan gibbon
Population size:
<20 individuals
Range:
10km2 area of occupancy on Hainan Island, China
Primary threats:
Hunting
Action required:
Gun confiscation in the area of the Bawangling population and habitat protection
Picea neoveitchii
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Qinling Range, China
Primary threats:
Forest destruction
Action required:
Ex-situ conservation and re-introduction; establishment of protected areas
Fatuhiva monarch
Population size:
50 individuals
Range:
Fatu Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia
Primary threats:
Predation by introduced species - Rattus rattus and feral cats
Actions required:
Increase control of introduced species and consider translocation, either to another island or by creating another, larger controlled area in an accessible part of Fatu Hiva
Psiadia cataractae
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Mauritius
Primary threats:
Habitat degradation and destruction due to development project and alien invasive plant species
Actions required:
Effective protection of the area, continuous and effective control of invasive alien plants particularly grasses and replanting of hardened nursery grown plants
Geometric tortoise
Population size:
Unknown
Range: Western
Cape Province, South Africa
Primary threats:
Habitat destruction and degradation, and predation
Action required:
Establishment of additional reserves and management of fire regimes
West Australian underground orchid
Population size:
< 100 individuals
Range:
Western Australia, Australia
Primary threats:
Land clearance for agriculture (96 per cent habitat cleared to
date), climate change and salinisation
Action required:
In-situ protection of the two supporting organisms, and protection of seed stocks and the fungus partner in a seed bank
Silky sifaka
Population size:
100-1,000 individuals
Range:
Maroantsetra to Andapa basin, and Marojeju Massif, Madagascar
Primary threats:
Hunting and habitat disturbance
Action required:
Continuation and expansion of efforts to end hunting and establishment of protected areas
Tonkin snub-nosed monkey
Population size:
< 200 individuals
Range:
Northeastern Viet Nam
Primary threats:
Habitat loss and hunting
Action required:
Establishment of a conservation area for Khau Ca Conservation area in Ha Giang province and increase law enforcement to reduce hunting pressure
• Watch a Guardian video of the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey
Common sawfish
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Coastal tropical and subtropical waters of Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Currently largely restricted to northern Australia
Primary threats:
Exploitation - has removed the species from 95 per cent of its historical range
Action required:
Further research required to understand current distribution and threats and ways of managing these
Beydaglari bush-cricket
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Beydaglari range, Antalaya, Turkey
Primary threats:
Climate change / habitat loss
Action required:
Development of a bioacoustic monitoring scheme and strategic conservation action plan, establishment of a nature reserve, implementation of habitat management scheme, and research on population size, trends, distribution, and ecology
Boni giant sengi
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Boni-Dodori Forest, Lamu area, Kenya
Primary threats:
Habitat destruction due to development
Actions required:
Formal protection of Boni-Dodori forest and finalisation of formal identification
Angel shark
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Formerly coastal waters of NE Atlantic as far north as Norway and into
the Mediterranean Sea. Now restricted to Canary Islands only
Primary threats:
Benthic trawling
Actions required:
Protection of Canary Islands habitat and nearby continental shelf habitats from trawling
Red crested tree rat
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia
Primary threats:
Habitat loss through urban development and coffee cultivation
Action required:
Surveys to map species range and continued habitat protection at known site of occurrence
Somphongs's rasbora
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
Mae Khlong basin, Thailand
Primary threats:
Habitat loss and degradation from farmland conversion and urbanization
Action required:
Wetland restoration
Durrell's vontsira
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
estimated to be 200km2 in marshes of Lake Alaotra, Madagascar
Primary threats:
Habitat loss
Action required:
Improved management of the Lake Alaotra protected area
Tokudaia muenninki
Okinawa spiny rat
Population size:
Unknown
Range:
3km2 on Okinawa Island, Japan
Primary threats:
Habitat loss and predation by feral cats
Action required:
Surveys to map species range, protection of remaining habitat and feral cat control programme
Rosa arabica
Population size:
unknown, 10 sub-populations
Range:
14.6km2, St Katherine Mountains, Egypt
Primary threats:
Domestic animals grazing, climate change and drought, medicinal plant collection and restricted range
Action required:
Protection of individuals from exploitation
Chinese crested tern
Population size:
<50 mature individuals
Range:
Breeding in Zhejiang and Fujian, China, and outside breeding season in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand
Primary threats:
Egg collection and habitat destruction
Action required:
Protect breeding sites,strengthen legal protection status and raise awareness at breeding colonies
Valencia letourneuxi
Population size:
Unknown
Range: Southern Albania and Western Greece
Primary threats:
Habitat destruction, water abstraction and aggressive interaction with Gambusia
Actions required:
Protection of habitat and control of Gambusia Zaglossus attenboroughi
Attenborough's echidna
Population size:
Unknown
Range: Cyclops Mountains, Papua Province, Indonesia
Primary threats:
Habitat modification and degradation due to logging, agricultural encroachment shifting cultivation and hunting by local people
Action required:
Enhance awareness and cultural significance of the species, establish sustainable management practices and conduct additional surveys
• The Guardian's Patrick Barkham explains how this plant got its distinctive name
Forest coconut
Population size:
<10 individuals
Range:
Masoala peninsula, Madagascar
Primary threats:
Harvesting for consumption of palm heart and deforestation
Action required:
Protection of individuals and habitat coupled with public awareness campaigns